Rare Case of Trichomonal Peritonitis

To the Editor: Trichomonads are fl agellated protozoa with several species capable of infecting or colonizing humans. The most common, Trichomonas vaginalis, causes genitourinary infection in adults and, rarely, respiratory infections in premature neonates of infected mothers. Pentatrichomonas hominis has been isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract, and Trichomonas tenax, a human oropharynx commensal, has caused empyema in immunocompomised persons. Rare cases of human peritonitis caused by trichomonads have been reported. Some trichomonads, including Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis, primarily infect and colonize animals. Although they were previously thought to be different species, current molecular and biologic evidence suggests they are indistinguishable (1). T. foetus (synonym T. suis) causes genitourinary infection in cattle and diarrhea in cats and colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of swine. We report T. foetus peritonitis in a 52-year-old man with common variable immunodefi ciency, rheumatoid arthritis, splenectomy, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. In June 2007, he was admitted with peritonitis to a community hospital in Pennsylvania, United States. He lived on a farm that had swine, horses, and cats. Exposure to cattle was unknown. He denied having a history of sexually transmitted infections or high-risk sexual behavior. Initial examination showed paracentesis fl uid with numerous motile, fl agellated organisms consistent with trichomonads. Bacterial fl uid cultures had no growth. Despite receiving antimicrobial drugs (including metronidazole 500 mg intravenously every 6 hours), he became increasingly ill over the following 72 hours with hypotension, acute renal failure, and metabolic acidosis, which required transfer to Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center (Hershey, PA, USA) for further care. Upon arrival, the man was afebrile but hypotensive and tachycardic. Abdominal examination showed ascites, decreased bowel sounds, and diffuse tenderness. Genitourinary examination results were normal. Repeat paracentesis demonstrated numerous motile trichomonads. Urinalysis and routine cultures of peritoneal fl uid and blood were negative. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed edematous bowel, ascites, and peritonitis. His condition deteriorated during the following 48 hours. Despite ongoing treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs (including metronidazole 500 mg intravenously every 6 hours), he died of multiorgan failure. Autopsy showed peritonitis with copious intraabdominal exudate and peripancreatic and perigastric abscesses. No intestinal perforation or genitourinary abnormalities were noted. No portal of entry for peritoneal infection was identifi ed. Premortem abdominal fl uid samples were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) for analysis. DNA was extracted from the trichomonad culture and peritoneal fl uid by using the QIAamp DNA minikit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). PCR testing for T. vaginalis was performed (2). PCR for T. foetus was performed by using primers TFR3 and TFR4 with thermocycling conditions outlined previously (3). PCR was performed in a 50-μL reaction volume with 1 μL of deoxynucleoside triphosphate mix (12.5 mmol/L each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and 5 mmol/L of dUTP; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), 5 μL of MgCl2 (25 mmol/L; Applied Biosystems), 0.2 μM each primer, 2.5U of AmpliTaq Gold polymerase (Applied Biosystems), 5 μL of 10× PCR buffer (Applied Biosystems), and 5 μL of DNA. PCR products were analyzed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Amplicons were purifi ed with the QIAquick PCR purifi cation kit (QIAGEN) and directly sequenced with PCR primers on an ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were assembled and aligned with Lasergene software (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) and deposited in GenBank (accession no. HQ849063). Metronidazole sensitivity was tested with methods previously described (4). The patient’s trichomonads had minimal lethal concentration (MLC) of 3.1 μg/mL for metronidazole, similar to MLCs of the known metronidazole–sensitive T. vaginalis isolate. T. vaginalis metronidazole MLCs >50 μg are associated with resistance (5). PCR performed by using primers TFR3/4 produced a 348-bp amplicon with DNA extracted from peritoneal fl uid and culture (Figure). Comparison of DNA sequence from the parasite to GenBank sequences showed 100% identity with cattle isolates of T. foetus. Two human cases of T. foetus infection have been reported. T. foetus was identifi ed by PCR in the respiratory tract of a patient with AIDS and pneumonia (6) and